Add a new hard disk in Linux, set the partition format to GPT and use LVM

Written in front

In the past, the Linux system in the production environment used one disk to store the system and business data. However, the amount of logs generated by business data was too large, and the entire disk space usage rate often reached 100%, causing the system to fail to operate normally. Even the execution of shell commands was abnormal. Therefore, the system and data were later stored separately. For example, the Linux system root environment used the /dev/sda disk, and the business storage environment used the /dev/sdb disk. Even if the /dev/sdb disk space usage rate reached 100%, it would not affect the normal operation of the Linux system. Of course, if there is a monitoring and alarm mechanism, it is okay not to partition, and it can be cleaned up in time, but partitioning can serve as a double insurance.

View current disk usage information

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root@localhost:~# df -Th
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Filesystem              Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
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tmpfs                   tmpfs  794M  1.3M  793M   1% /run
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/dev/mapper/ubuntu-root xfs     41G  3.9G   38G  10% /
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tmpfs                   tmpfs  3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
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tmpfs                   tmpfs  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
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tmpfs                   tmpfs  3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /run/qemu
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/dev/sda2               xfs   1014M  171M  844M  17% /boot
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tmpfs                   tmpfs  794M  4.0K  794M   1% /run/user/1000

You can see that the root partition disk space mounted by /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root is only tens of GB.

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root@localhost:~# lsblk
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NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
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loop0             7:0    0 63.9M  1 loop /snap/core20/2318
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loop1             7:1    0   87M  1 loop /snap/lxd/29351
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loop2             7:2    0 38.8M  1 loop /snap/snapd/21759
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sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk
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├─sda1            8:1    0    1M  0 part
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├─sda2            8:2    0    1G  0 part /boot
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├─sda3            8:3    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
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└─sda4            8:4    0   41G  0 part
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  └─ubuntu-root 253:0    0   41G  0 lvm  /
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sdb               8:16   0  100G  0 disk    #Here it shows that the sdb disk is not mounted
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sr0              11:0    1    2G  0 rom

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root@localhost:~# fdisk -l
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Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
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Disk model: Virtual disk
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Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Use the fdisk -l command to check that /dev/sdb is not partitioned

View lvm information

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root@localhost:~# pvdisplay
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  --- Physical volume ---
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  PV Name               /dev/sda4
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  VG Name               ubuntu
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  PV Size               <41.00 GiB / not usable 0
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  Allocatable           yes (but full)
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  PE Size               4.00 MiB
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  Total PE              10495
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  Free PE               0
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  Allocated PE          10495
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  PV UUID               3540f107-f2e4-49a1-8659-163dbfc3f99e
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root@localhost:~# vgdisplay
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  --- Volume group ---
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  VG Name               ubuntu
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  System ID
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  Format                lvm2
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  Metadata Areas        1
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  Metadata Sequence No  2
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  VG Access             read/write
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  VG Status             resizable
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  MAX LV                0
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  Cur LV                1
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  Open LV               1
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  Max PV                0
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  Cur PV                1
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  Act PV                1
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  VG Size               <41.00 GiB
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  PE Size               4.00 MiB
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  Total PE              10495
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  Alloc PE / Size       10495 / <41.00 GiB
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  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
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  VG UUID               b2eadbf1-7c3a-451e-b348-6993c44305dc
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root@localhost:~# lvdisplay
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  --- Logical volume ---
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  LV Path                /dev/ubuntu/root
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  LV Name                root
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  VG Name                ubuntu
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  LV UUID                58a7626d-2836-4ff4-8ed6-59f8a88e7728
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  LV Write Access        read/write
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  LV Creation host, time ubuntu-server, 2025-02-18 02:11:35 +0800
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  LV Status              available
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  # open                 1
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  LV Size                <41.00 GiB
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  Current LE             10495
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  Segments               1
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  Allocation             inherit
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  Read ahead sectors     auto
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  - currently set to     256
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  Block device           253:0

Use parted to partition and set up lvm

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root@localhost:~# parted /dev/sdb   #Specify the disk device name
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GNU Parted 3.4
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Using /dev/sdb
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted) mklabel gpt                #Set the disk partition to gpt format
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(parted) mkpart primary 1% 100%     #Create a new partition as the primary partition,
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                                     occupying disk space from 1% to 100% of the starting
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                                     position。
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(parted) set 1 lvm on               #Set the first partition to lvm
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(parted) print                      #Print disk partition information
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Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 107GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
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 1      1074MB  107GB  106GB               primary  lvm
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(parted) quit                       #quit
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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root@localhost:~#

Use fdisk -l to view /dev/sdb disk information

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root@localhost:~# fdisk -l
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Disk /dev/sdb: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
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Disk model: Virtual disk
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Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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Disklabel type: gpt
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Disk identifier: DDD8AFA8-0671-48FB-B103-F3FE9E165BB2
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Device       Start       End   Sectors Size Type
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/dev/sdb1  2097152 209713151 207616000  99G Linux LVM

Create lvm logical volume and mount it

Create a PV volume

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root@localhost:~# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
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  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
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root@localhost:~#

Create a VG group

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root@localhost:~# vgcreate storage /dev/sdb1
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  Volume group "storage" successfully created
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root@localhost:~#

Create LV logical volume

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root@localhost:~# lvcreate -l +100%FREE -n data storage
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  Logical volume "data" created.
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root@localhost:~#

Format LV logical volume

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root@localhost:~# mkfs.xfs /dev/storage/data
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meta-data=/dev/storage/data      isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6487808 blks
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         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
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         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
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         =                       reflink=1    bigtime=0 inobtcount=0
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data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25951232, imaxpct=25
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         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
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naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
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log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=12671, version=2
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         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
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realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
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Discarding blocks...Done.

Create a mount directory and mount the LVM logical volume

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root@localhost:~# mkdir -pv /data
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mkdir: created directory '/data'
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root@localhost:~#
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root@localhost:~# mount /dev/mapper/storage-data /data

View mounted disks and add auto-startup

View the mounted disk information

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root@localhost:~# df -Th
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Filesystem               Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
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tmpfs                    tmpfs  794M  1.3M  793M   1% /run
4
/dev/mapper/ubuntu-root  xfs     41G  5.0G   37G  13% /
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tmpfs                    tmpfs  3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
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tmpfs                    tmpfs  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
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tmpfs                    tmpfs  3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /run/qemu
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/dev/sda2                xfs   1014M  295M  720M  29% /boot
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tmpfs                    tmpfs  794M  4.0K  794M   1% /run/user/1000
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/dev/mapper/storage-data xfs     99G  739M   99G   1% /data   #This is a newly mounted

Add auto-startup

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echo "/dev/mapper/storage-data  /data               xfs     defaults        0       0" >> /etc/fstab

Add a new hard disk in Linux, set the partition format to GPT and use LVM

https://huoshen.pages.dev/p/72ab9c20/

Author

Koevn

Published at

February 24, 2025

License

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0